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Since the fall of President Hosni Mubarack’s authoritarian regime in 2011, Egypt has gone through tumultuous political phases. Meeting the hopes and aspirations of the Egyptian people depends on Egypt’s ability to build inclusive, representative and democratic institutions. Transition to democracy requires free and unrestricted space where all political actors are empowered to participate.
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has one of the most tightly controlled political systems in the world despite having implemented some modest reforms, including the introduction of the Kingdom’s “Basic Law” in 1992; the holding of municipal elections in 2005; and the enfranchisement of women in 2015.
After more than two years of negotiations, the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) of 2005 ended the Second Sudanese Civil War and, as one of the key provisions of the agreement, provided southern Sudanese the right to determine their independence through a popular referendum on January 9, 2011. With nearly 98 percent of voters casting their ballots for independence, the Republic of South Sudan was formed on July 9, 2011.